With a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health, Karen Hooker studied the relationship between homosexuality and psychological development and illness. The first psychological test undertaken to determine whether there was a biological explanation for homosexuality was in 1957. At the time, the American Psychological Association still listed homosexuality as a disorder and psychologists and psychiatrists were trained on ways to treat it. It was the 1950s and the School of Medicine professor of psychiatry was at the University of Rochester. Homosexuality was considered a mental illness when Richard Pillard was in medical school. “I think some sort of genetic influence seems very likely,” he says, “but beyond that, what really can we say? And the answer is: not a lot.” ![]() Twitter Facebook Richard Pillard says that much about how sexual orientation is determined remains a mystery.
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